Economic Wheel – Macroeconomic Evaluation System and Ecological Environmental Cost Theory
[经济之轮
–宏观经济的评价体系和生态环境成本论]
–宏观经济的评价体系和生态环境成本论]
1 Introduction
In the current macroeconomic theory, normally Domestic Gross Produce (GDP) is used
for the assessment of a country’s national economic development. For the
achievement of a country’s national economic development concerned, this
economic indicator is undisputed. However, will countries with same Domestic
Gross Product (GDP) have the same operation expense, especially the same
environmental cost? The answer is certainly negative. Therefore, only using
Domestic Gross Product (GDP) this one economic indicator to describe a
country’s economic development is not enough, to comprehensively assess a
country’s national economy, we also need economic indicator of national
economic operation cost, which also includes economic indicator of
environmental cost. In considering of this, I hereby propose the establishment of the economic indicators of GROSS DOMESTIC COST (GDC) and GROSS DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL
COST
(GDEC) to totally measure the development status of a country’s
national economy. I hereby also propose a unique concept of national
environment index (NEI), and will
fully elucidate the establishment of macroeconomic evaluation system. In this
article, I will propose the concept of Eco-environmental
Cost Theory for the first time,
and will clarify it simply.
2. Macroeconomic Evaluation System
2.1 The Principle of Establishing Macroeconomic Evaluation Index
Establishing indicators of macroeconomic evaluation system shall be based on
the following principles:
- Objectiveness – The evaluation object shall be an objective reality
- Comprehensiveness – The evaluation indicators shall cover all aspects
of macroeconomic development - Measurement – The evaluation indicator can be calculated on the basis
of economic facts
2.2. Macroeconomic Evaluation Indicators
Based on the above three principles, the comprehensive macroeconomic evaluation
indicators shall include:
2.2.1 Outcome Indicator – An
economic indicator used to reflect the outcome of the national economic development
(GDP)
2.2.2 Cost Indicator– An economic
indicator used to reflect the cost of the national economy development (GDC)
2.2.3 Environmental Indicator – An
economic indicator used to reflect the environmental costs of the national
economic development (GDEC)
2.2.4 Benefit Indicator – An
economic indicator used to reflect the market conversion rate of the outcome of
national economic development
2.2.5 Efficiency Indicator – An
economic indicator used to reflect the efficiency of the national economy
development
2.2.6 Participation Indicator – An
economic indicator used to reflect the degree of citizen participation in
national economic development
2.2.7 Value Indicator – An economic
indicator to reflect the value content of outcome of the national economic
development
2.2.8 Bubble indicator – An economic
indicator to reflect the bubble component of the
outcome of the national economic development
2.2.9 Correlation indicator – An economic indicator to reflect the correlation
level of the civilian’s daily life with the outcome of the national
economic development (Tightness
Degree)
level of the civilian’s daily life with the outcome of the national
economic development (Tightness
Degree)
2.2.10
Internationalization indicator – An economic indicator to reflect the internationalization
level of the outcome of the national economic development (Inside a country and outside a
country two parts)
Internationalization indicator – An economic indicator to reflect the internationalization
level of the outcome of the national economic development (Inside a country and outside a
country two parts)
2.3. The Total Cost of the National
Economic Produce (GROSS DOMESTIC COST)
2.3.1 Definition
The Total Cost of the National Economic
Produce refers to the sum of the cost paid during the process of creating a
country’s gross domestic produce.
2.3.2. Calculation
The Total Cost of the National Economic
Produce = Σ the cost paid by each department or region during the process
of national economic development.
2.4. The Total Environmental Cost of
National Economic Produce (GROSS DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL COST)
2.4.1 Definition
The Total Environmental Cost of the
National Economic Produce refers to the sum of the environmental cost paid
during the process of creating a country’s gross domestic produce.
2.4.2. Calculation
The Total Environmental Cost of the
National Economic Produce = Σ the environmental cost paid by each
department or region during the process of national economic development.
2.5. National Environment Index
(National Environmental Index)
2.5.1 Definition
National Environmental Index is the
ratio of a country’s GROSS DOMESTIC
ENVIRONMENTAL COST to its Domestic
Gross Produce.
2.5.2. Calculation
National Environmental Index = GROSS
DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL COST / Domestic Gross Produce
2.5.3. Significance
National Environmental Index is an indicator for comparing every country’s
environmental cost during the process of national economic development, is an
economic indicator to comprehensively assess the relationship of a country’s
economic development and environmental protection.
3. Eco-environmental Cost
Theory
Theory
In view of fresh proposition of GROSS
DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL COST (GDEC), we need to calculate the various
environmental costs related to macroeconomic development based on facts, based
on this, I will advocate to unitedly naming all such kind academic knowledge as
Eco-environmental Cost Theory, thus
making it an independent subdiscipline in
macroeconomic theory.
3.1 Definition
Eco-environmental Cost
Theory is an independent
subdiscipline of macroeconomic theory; it mainly
conducts research, analysis and calculation of various environmental costs
involved in macroeconomic development based on facts. The research and
computing results of Eco-environmental
Cost Theory will provide strong support for the final result of
environmental indicator of the national economic development (GDEC).
Theory is an independent
subdiscipline of macroeconomic theory; it mainly
conducts research, analysis and calculation of various environmental costs
involved in macroeconomic development based on facts. The research and
computing results of Eco-environmental
Cost Theory will provide strong support for the final result of
environmental indicator of the national economic development (GDEC).
3.2. The Main Contents
3.2.1. Classification of Environmental
Costs
3.2.2. Environmental Cost Investigation
3.2.3. Determination of Environmental Costs
3.2.4 International Harmonization of Environmental Costs
3.2.5 Calculation of Environmental Costs
3.2.5.1. Calculation Purpose
3.2.5.2. Calculation Classification
3.2.5.2.1. International
3.2.5.2.2. National
3.2.5.2.3. Regional
3.2.5.2.4. Project
3.2.5.2.5. Category
3.2.5.3. Calculation Factor
3.2.5.3.1 The Pre-industrial Environmental Cost
3.2.5.3.2 The Post-industrial Environmental Cost
3.2.5.3.3. The Environmental Costs of Natural Factors
3.2.5.3.4. The Environmental Costs of Economic Activities
3.2.5.4. The Calculation Formula
Environmental cost of economic development in a certain area = Σ Environmental
cost of pure economic activity
3.3.
Significance
Significance
The proposition and development of
Eco-environmental Cost Theory can further improve macroeconomic theory, can
provide detailed theoretical basis for the macroeconomic evaluation system and
environmental assessment indicators. And accordingly it can provide more
objective and comprehensive evaluation of macroeconomic development, the cost
of development, provide a more objective evaluation of citizen’s produce,
acquisition and loss.
4. Development of Economic Theory
Here additionally I would like to talk about my views on the development of
economic theory:
4.1 Economic theory and economic management
theory shall be appropriately separated;
4.2. Economic theory shall be based on facts, and shall not be based on
assumptions, I advocated the establishment of “Touchable Economy”
since 2011; of cause, it is consistent with econometrics in the academy;
4.3 In the case of fact
based, all economic theories (including macroeconomic and microeconomic) can be
unified as one economic theory;
based, all economic theories (including macroeconomic and microeconomic) can be
unified as one economic theory;
4.4. Developing unified economic theory shall be the same as developing
information and communication science, establishing different task forces,
establishing unified classifications, unified database, unified model
libraries. Regarding the classification of issue set of economic theory, its
scope shall be limited, but the size of the data to be researched may be relatively
tremendous;
4.5 Economic management theory is the specific application of control theory in
economic theory, there is nothing but four: free model, the intervention model,
planning model, mixed model. Developing economic management theory shall also
be the same as developing information and communication science, establishing
different task forces, establishing
unified classifications, unified database, unified model libraries;
4.6. This unified standard theory development mode will make economic theory
and economic management theory to be developed more faster, more scientific,
thus greatly promote the improvement of the economic management level of all
levels of government across the world, promote the stable development of every
country’s national economies across the world, prevent the repeat of economic
crisis;
5. Summary
Macroeconomic development shall establish more comprehensive economic
indicators. In this paper the author proposed the principles of establishing
evaluation indicators of macroeconomic evaluation system, proposed eight
macroeconomic evaluation indicators in accordance with these principles. The
author further clarifies the cost indicator and environmental indicator of
macroeconomics. On this basis, the author proposed the establishment of Eco-environmental Cost Theory. The
author also made a few additional comments on the development of economic
theory and economic management theory, and advocated the establishment of
unified economic theory and economic management theory (Beizhan School of Thought). Unified economic theory and economic
management theory will provide strong theoretical support for the economic
development of we all owned the spacecraft sailing in the space, provide a
strong theoretical guarantee for the common prosperity of the world economy and
common development.
indicators. In this paper the author proposed the principles of establishing
evaluation indicators of macroeconomic evaluation system, proposed eight
macroeconomic evaluation indicators in accordance with these principles. The
author further clarifies the cost indicator and environmental indicator of
macroeconomics. On this basis, the author proposed the establishment of Eco-environmental Cost Theory. The
author also made a few additional comments on the development of economic
theory and economic management theory, and advocated the establishment of
unified economic theory and economic management theory (Beizhan School of Thought). Unified economic theory and economic
management theory will provide strong theoretical support for the economic
development of we all owned the spacecraft sailing in the space, provide a
strong theoretical guarantee for the common prosperity of the world economy and
common development.
During the time of the Group 20 (G20)
summit to be held in Hangzhou, China,
the author wrote this special article to celebrate it, and I wish the summit a
success.
1.
引言
引言
在目前的宏观经济理论中，通常用国民经济生产总值（ＧＤＰ）来评价一个国家的国民经济发展状况。对于一个国家的国民经济发展的成果来讲，这一经济指标是无可置疑的。然而，具有相同的国民经济生产总值的国家的经济运行成本，尤其是环境成本都是相同的吗？回答肯定是否定的。因此，仅用一个国民经济生产总值这一经济指标来描述一个国家的国民经济发展是不够的，要全面评估一个国家的国民经济的发展，还需要国民经济运行成本的经济指标，其中，还应包含环境成本的经济指标。有鉴于此，我在此提议建立国民经济生产总成本（ＧＤＣ）和国民经济生产环境总成本( ＧＤＥＣ )的经济指标，以全面衡量一个国家的国民经济发展状况。我在此还将提出独有的国家环境指数的概念，并将对宏观经济的评价体系的建立进行全面的阐明。我还将在本文中首次提出生态环境成本论的概念，并简单的加以阐明。
2.
宏观经济的评价体系
宏观经济的评价体系
2.1.
宏观经济评价指标的设立原则
宏观经济评价指标的设立原则
建立宏观经济评价体系的评价指标应主要依据以下的原则：
·
客观性 –
评价对象应当是客观存在的
客观性 –
评价对象应当是客观存在的
·
全面性 –
评价指标应当覆盖宏观经济发展的各个方面
全面性 –
评价指标应当覆盖宏观经济发展的各个方面
·
测量性 –
评价指标应当是可以依据经济事实进行计算的
测量性 –
评价指标应当是可以依据经济事实进行计算的
2.2.宏观经济评价指标
基于以上三个原则，较为全面的宏观经济评价指标应当包含：
2.2.1.成果性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展成果的经济指标(GDP)
2.2.2.成本性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展成本的经济指标(GDC)
2.2.3.环境性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展环境成本的经济指标(GDEC)
2.2.4.效益性指标
– 用于反映国民经济发展成果的市场转化率的经济指标
– 用于反映国民经济发展成果的市场转化率的经济指标
2.2.5.效率性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展的发展效率的经济指标
2.2.6.参与性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展的国民参与程度的经济指标
2.2.7.价值性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展成果的价值含量的经济指标
2.2.8.泡沫性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展成果的泡沫成分的经济指标
2.2.9.相关性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展成果同国民日常生活相关程度的经济指标（紧密度）
2.2.10.国际性指标 – 用于反映国民经济发展成果国际化程度的经济指标（国内和国外两部分）
2.3. 国民经济生产总成本（GROSS DOMESTIC COST）
2.3.1. 定义
国民经济生产总成本指的是在创造一个国家国民经济生产总值的过程中所付出的成本总和。
2.3.2. 计算
国民经济生产总成本＝∑国民经济各部门或各地区在经济发展中所付出的成本
2.4. 国民经济生产环境总成本 (GROSS DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL
COST)
COST)
2.4.1. 定义
国民经济生产环境总成本指的是在创造一个国家国民经济生产总值的过程中所付出的环境成本总和。
2.4.2. 计算
国民经济生产环境总成本＝∑国民经济各部门或各地区在经济发展中所付出的环境成本
2.5. 国家环境指数 (National Environmental Index)
2.5.1. 定义
国家环境指数指的是一个国家的国民经济生产的环境总成本与其国民经济生产总值的比值。
2.5.2. 计算
国家环境指数＝国民经济生产的环境总成本／国民经济生产总值
2.5.3. 意义
国家环境指数是可以对各个国家的国家经济发展中的环境成本的进行比较的一个指标，是全面评价一个国家经济发展与环境保护之间关系的一个经济指标。
3.
生态环境成本论
生态环境成本论
鉴于国民经济发展环境性评估指标（GDEC）的崭新提出，我们需要对涉及到宏观经济发展中的各类环境成本依据事实进行计算，基于此，我主张将这一类学术性的知识统一称之为生态环境成本论，从而使之成为宏观经济理论中的一个独立分支学科。
3.1. 定义
生态环境成本论是宏观经济理论的一个独立分支学科; 它主要针对宏观经济发展中所涉及到的各类环境成本依据事实进行研究，分析和计算。生态环境成本论的研究计算成果将有力的支持国民经济发展环境性评估指标（GDEC）的最终结果。
3.2. 主要内容
3.2.1. 环境成本的分类
3.2.2. 环境成本的调查
3.2.3. 环境成本的确立
3.2.4. 环境成本的国际统一
3.2.5. 环境成本的计算
3.2.5.1. 计算的目的
3.2.5.2. 计算的分类
3.2.5.2.1.
国际性
国际性
3.2.5.2.2.
国家性
国家性
3.2.5.2.3.
地区性
地区性
3.2.5.2.4.
项目性
项目性
3.2.5.2.5.
类别性
类别性
3.2.5.3. 计算的因素
3.2.5.3.1.
工业化前环境的成本
工业化前环境的成本
3.2.5.3.2.
工业化后环境的成本
工业化后环境的成本
3.2.5.3.3.
自然因素的环境成本
自然因素的环境成本
3.2.5.3.4.
经济活动的环境成本
经济活动的环境成本
3.2.5.4. 计算的公式
某一地区经济发展环境成本 = ∑纯粹的经济活动的环境成本
3.3. 意义
生态环境成本论的提出和发展可以进一步完善宏观经济理论，为宏观经济的评价体系和环境性评价指标提供翔实的理论依据。并可以据此更为客观和全面的评价宏观经济的发展，发展的代价，
更为客观的评价国民的创造，获得和损失。
更为客观的评价国民的创造，获得和损失。
4.
经济理论的发展
经济理论的发展
在此我想额外谈一谈我对经济理论发展的意见：
4.1. 经济理论和经济管理理论应当适当分开；
4.2. 经济理论应当建立在事实的基础之上，而不应当建立在假设的基础之上，我从2011 年起就一直主张建立“可触摸的经济学”，当然这同业内的计量经济学是一致的；
4.3. 在基于事实的情况下，所有的经济理论（包括宏观经济和微观经济）就都可以统 一为一个经济理论；
4.4. 统一的经济理论的建设应当同信息和通讯科学的建设一样，建立不同的问题小组，建立统一的分类，统一的数据库，统一的模型库。就经济理论问题集的分类来讲，其范围应当是有限的，但其研究的数据规模也许是比较庞大的；
4.5.经济管理理论是控制理论在经济理论中的具体应用，主要无非四种：自由模式，干预模式，计划模式，混合模式。经济管理理论的建设也应当同信息和通讯科学的建设一样，建立不同的问题小组，建立统一的分类，统一的数据库，统一的模式库；
4.6.这种统一的标准化的理论建设模式将会使经济理论和经济管理理论的建设更为迅速，更为科学，从而大大推动世界范围内的各级政府的经济管理水平的提高，在世界范围内促进各国经济的平稳发展，防止经济危机的重演；
5.
总结
总结
宏观经济的发展应当建立比较全面的经济指标。作者在本文中提出了宏观经济评价体系的评价指标建立的原则，并依据此原则提出了８个宏观经济评价指标。作者进一步阐明了宏观经济的成本性指标和环境性指标。在此基础上，作者提出建立生态环境成本论。作者还额外的提出有关经济理论和经济管理理论建设的几点意见，并主张建立统一的经济理论和经济管理理论（备战学派）。统一的经济理论和经济管理理论将为我们共有的航行在太空中的宇宙飞船的经济发展提供强有力的理论支撑，为世界各国经济的共同繁荣，共同发展提供强有力的理论保证。
在20 国集团（G20）峰会即将在中国杭州召开之际，作者特撰写此文以示庆贺，并预祝峰会圆满成功。
— Beizhan Liu
Article bottom adv
